Commercial Crocodile Farming:
Crocodile farming is relatively new form of animal production. As such, it lacks the 5000+ year history of accumulated knowledge on domestic animal production process available for most of the conventional animals- chickens, ducks, sheep, goats, cattle, etc. Crocodile farming began in 1970s when the wild harvest could not meet the demand for crocodile skins. After 1940s suddenly demand for crocodile skin went up. Initially the crocodiles were considered as pests, especially the larger ones that prey on people. That is why when crocodile population went down, socially that was welcoming in the initial days. During 60s people started thinking in a different way and started considering conservation. Initially the idea of crocodile farming came with to boost the supply of crocodile skins and also increase populations of the wild crocodiles by conservation.
In 1975 CITES (Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species) came into effect and listed all crocodile species in either Appendix -I or Appendix -II. Since then all trade and commerce on crocodile and its allied products are strictly controlled and governed by CITES rules and regulations. Actually from here started a new kind of wildlife farming- commercial crocodile farming which is still in practice. In 70s and 80s number of crocodile farm grew up and also research progressed- which has build our knowledge on crocodiles.
Breeding crocodile in closed water initially came from zoo. Primarily all the Universities used to conduct their research in the zoos. Later commercial farms also started their own research and development. At the same time in research findings highlighted commercial and economical aspects of the operation. Zoo usually maintain small number of population for display and their mission is research and education. Where as the commercial farms a large population for breeding and production of crocodile skins and allied products. Gradually required information and data for setting up and running commercial crocodile farming became available.
It is estimated there four thousand to five thousand (2016) crocodile farms across the globe, which includes small household farms with few crocodiles to large farms with over hundred thousand crocodiles. There are about five thousand crocodiles in two closed cycle captive breeding commercial crocodile farms in Bangladesh. In the household farms investment is less, also it involves low technology. In most cases they use indigenous technology. Cambodia has many such farms. On the other hand larger farms invest huge amount of money to produce large quantity and best quality. Crocodile farms are of three types.
Firstly the Closed-cycle-captive-breeding-commercial-crocodile-farms are the ones who maintain own breeding stock. They produce their own crocodile eggs, they hatch their collected eggs, they raise their hatchlings and later they collect skins. Both Reptiles Farm Ltd. and Akij Wildlife Farms Ltd. are following this method. This must be noted that Reptiles farm Ltd. is world's first commercial crocodile farm where entire breeding stock is F2 generation. There is not a single animal which came from the wild. Parent stock of Reptiles Farm Ltd. were born in captivity in another farm.
Secondly it is ranching method. In this format eggs are collected from the wild. Then rest of the stages are same as the first method. This method is in practice in Australia. In a modern commercial crocodile farm, crocodiles are maintained in artificial temperature and in artificial environment. 40-50% supply of the total crocodile skins between 2010-2013 came from ranching method.
Third method is satellite farming or contract farming. In this method small farms raise babies up to a certain size and then bring them to the larger farms. Large farms then grow the crocodiles upto harvest size and harvest skins. Smaller farms can collect eggs from the wild and get it hatched in community incubator. This method is in practice in Papua New Guinea.
Australia imposed total ban on hunting wild crocodile in 1971 after the crocodile population went below five thousand. Citizens were made aware about the animal. Gradually watching crocodile in the wild became a popular tourist activity. As the crocodile population grew, number crocodile related accidents also grew. In human go into crocodile territory, crocodile is most like to attack. Seven commercial crocodile farm started in 80s in Darwin. Government used to catch the problem crocodiles and handed over them to commercial farms. Farms use them as breeding stock. But the main supply of crocodile comes from the wild in Australia. Farms are licensed to collect eggs from the wild, for which they have to pay certain amount of royalty to the Government and land owner. By implementing this policy crocodile population came to hundred thousand from five thousand in 1971. This method is called conservation through commerce. There are twenty farms in Australia. In the year 2014-2015 total export was 19.5 million us dollars.
While setting up a commercial farm, like other animals- for crocodile farming also following five fundamental aspects has to be considered.
1. Freedom from hunger and thirst
2. Freedom from discomfort
3. Freedom from pain, injury and disease
4. Freedom to express normal behaviour
5. Freedom from fear and distress
Which species can be farmed in which country, is specified in CITES. In Bangladesh only saltwater crocodiles can be farmed.